The file you attached is png not svg, so can’t tell for sure.
I think the problem is with the image in inkscape.
I think you’re right about stroke. I think you have black fill with white stroke over a white background. So while it looks like nothing there, it’s just blending with background.
-S
S has identified the issue partly. Vector lines are always single lines (there is no need for them to be anything else) and bitmapped files will have dimension and stroke as two of their parameters. FWIW, the dimension interpretation in Luban is not consistent with the interpretation in Lightburn. The illustration I have linked shows a laser image in Lightburn on the left and the same image in Luban.
My first port of call is to try a different CNC software. Luban tells you as you open the CNC section that it is alpha software. This may explain the inability to transfer files at the size you expect.
I create all of my designs in vector design software so that I can account for their accuracy. I take my final size of the image and place that on a transparent background to the same X & Y dimensions. I don’t use Luban any more but when I did I made certain not to give Luban the option to adjust the size. I enter the X & Y dimensions of the piece and Luban is forced to produce a design of the correct size.